Jean Piaget s Morality And Its Many Stages - 1437 Words

In 1950, Lawrence Kohlberg graduated from the University of Chicago planning to go into clinical psychology. However after reading some of the articles that Jean Piaget published on morality in children and adolescents, Kohlberg begins researching morality and its many stages. Over the next 30 years he researches morality and publishes two volumes critical to his work, leaving his legacy in psychology. Lawrence Kohlberg was born to a wealthy Jewish family in Bronxville, NY in 1927. At a young age he was sent to Phillips Academy, a boarding school, in Andover, MA, it was here that he was known more for his mischief than his academics. He threw himself in to the Zionist cause around the time that he â€Å"became the ‘second engineer’ on an old†¦show more content†¦In his dissertation he talks about six stages of moral development, which was in contrast with Piaget’s two stages (Walsh 37). After his dissertation was published, his career as a professor took off. He started as an assistant professor of psychology at Yale University in 1959 (â€Å"Find the Right Therapist†). Kohlberg then went back to the University of Chicago as an assistant professor, however after a few years he was promoted to an associate professor and director of the Child Psychology Training Program (â€Å"Find the Right Therapist†). Through his work with children he believed that they made their own moral decisions (Walsh 37). In his thirties, Kohlberg had received a field of inquiry, making him a hot commodity (Walsh 38). In 1968 till his death in 1987, he came to the Harvard Graduate School of Education, teaching education and social psychology (Walsh 37). While teaching at Harvard Kohlberg did something unusual, he brought his critics to his class to have an intellectual discussion (Walsh 37). Even though he was busy pursuing his career, he still found time for his pursue a personal life. In 1955 he married Lucy Stigberg, which is around the time that he was working on his dissertation and obtaining his PhD. They had two sons and by the time that he got the job at Harvard, he was divorced. He later meets his fiancà ©, Ann Higgins, a former instructor at Harvard. Although he was a very intelligent man and a star to the psychology world, Kohlberg had

A Social Media Marketing Plan - 1472 Words

Marketing has evolved and grown tremendously throughout the years. If you have a Facebook or instagram page you have seen some sort of marketing promotion or ad that a local business is offering to draw in customers or a following. For instance Z Burger, a burger joint in the DC area offered a promotion that went viral through Facebook offering $2 burgers and $4 veggie burgers for the entire day of last Tuesday at their Columbia Heights location. I attended myself thinking it was going to be ridiculously crowded but I beat the rush and the staff created a system that provided a speedy service and less wait time to order and receive your food. That event was so popular through Facebook that they are offering a second location and if†¦show more content†¦To launch social media marketing campaigns, all businesses need to do is sign up for free with each social network they want to use. Once registered, businesses can create individual profiles for their business and start posting content, such as industry trends, company news and promotional information right away. This phenomenon has only developed within the last decade, thus social media research has largely focused on (1) defining what it is through the explanation of new terminology and concepts that makeup its foundations, and (2) exploring the impact of a company’s integration of social media on consumer behavior. This paper begins with an explanation of terminology that defines social media marketing, followed by a discussion of the four main themes found within current research studies: Virtual Brand Communities, Consumers Attitudes and Motives, User Generated Content, and Viral Advertising. Although social media marketing is a well-researched topic, it has only been studied through experimental and theoretical research; studies never precisely describe the benefits retailers gain from this marketing tactic. In reviewing the rich plethora of multi-disciplinary literature, it is has become clear that studies are focusing on describing what social media marketing is as well as examining what factors affect consumer behavior relative to social networking. Despite the initial progress made by researchers, development in this area of

Critical Essay on Cadbury Free Essays

Cadbury’s Coporate Social Responsibility Businesses these days are much different from how it was in previous generations. Nowadays, society impacts that corporation has is not only about economic power, instead it has also gone into corporate social responsibilities. Cadbury is an international company that is the second largest confectionary company in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Essay on Cadbury or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Factbox: British confectioner Cadbury 2010). Therefore, they have a bigger impact to affect both positively and negatively on the society as they have a bigger influence and power on the society due to their dominance in market share. In this essay, it will go in depth about the performance of Cadbury in relation to its corporate social responsibility. This essay will explain and argue a balanced argument about the negative and positive impact Cadbury has today on its society by analyzing their â€Å"Cadbury Community† programme and their association with child labour. Negative Social Responsibility of Cadbury According to a documentary called â€Å"Slavery† on the BBC, it documented cocoa beans production and how it is related to child labour, in the documentary, it focused on Cadbury, aiming at them about that negative social responsibility that they have. The reason for child labour in the cocoa production is because of the prices that are set on the cocoa beans is very low when it is sold. For example, farmers are only selling their cocoa beans for only a mere sum of money, therefore they would want to gain more profit. The only way to do that is to get cheaper labour so that their expenses are not so high which would result in higher revenue earned at the end of the day. Since child labour is one of the cheapest labour in the world, it is the top choice for labour to keep cost down would be child labour. In a brighter light, not everyone was affected by the low priced cocoa beans. For example, Cadbury was still able to employ many people around the world and still kept their product prices down to continue attracting their customers. However, Cadbury was later seen as a supporter of child labour. Reason being, Cadbury were purchasing the cocoa beans from the farmers that were using child labour for their cocoa beans production. This in turn makes Cadbury a supporter of child labour as well as they are purchasing the beans from the farmers which encourages them to continue that they are doing. The consumers later came into conclusion that the low prices of Cadbury’s chocolate were not worth the children’s hard cheap labour in the developing countries. Read Critical Essay about Skurzynski’s Nethergrave The world’s largest cocoa producer, Cote d’Ivoire has given the possibility of Cadbury to demand the cocoa beans at a very low price. (World Cocoa Production. n. d. ) As they are the largest producers, they have more control of the cocoa prices around the world. To further exxagerate how much farmers of the cocoa production are getting paid, an example would be, for every kilogram of cocoa beans that a farmer harvest, they are getting paid almost the same amount of how much a bar of chocolate consumers pay for consumption. Which in most cases, would be a range of a dollar to two dollars. (Olivier. 2012. . This is not following their policies that Cadbury should be following under their code of conduct (Our Business Principles. 2008. ). In the document, it states that it is their responsibility, both corporate and social to make sure that there are proper and ethical practices to manage the business. Ethical issues such as human rights, ethical trading and employment pra ctices are considered when business is done in Cadbury. However, that is not much of the case when Cadbury is purchasing low and unfairly priced cocoa beans from the farmers. This is against their ethical values of ethical trading. Reason being, as mentioned above in this essay, by purchasing the beans at such a low cost, it is encouraging the farmers to hire more child labourers in order to keep their cost of production down and to gain more revenue earned. The stakeholders that are mostly affected would be the children that are forced to work at the farms to harvest the cocoa beans. Working at the farms does not only mean long working hours with very little pay, it also means that they might get beaten often due to carelessness at work or not meeting the expected weight of cocoa beans. It also means that they might not even get paid after working long hours with no food (Cocoa Campaign. n. d. ). By the year 2003, Cote d’Ivoire, which is the world’s largest cocoa producing nation, had about 109,000 child labourers (Country Reports on Human Rights and Practices. 2003). Out of the 109,000 children, more than half of them were said to be working on their own farms owned by their parents. The rest of the children, which consists of about 10,000 of them, are working as slaves or are being trafficked. By working on the farms, it means that the children are not given a chance to go to school to increase their knowledge or to further their education. This would therefore result in a vicious cycle of people depending solely on cocoa farming in order to earn enough money to meet their basic needs. For example, when a child is forced to work on the farms, he will not be able to attend school to gain knowledge to have a chance to get out of the country to work. Since he is stuck on the farm, he will grow up only with the knowledge on how to harvest cocoa beans. His main concern would be to maintain the farm and to earn more money for his family. In order to earn more money, it means that he has to harvest more cocoa beans. Therefore, he will need more help at the farm. Therefore, he will want to get as much help from his children to increase the cocoa beans production. This would continue in a cycle. Cadbury did try to solve the problem that they have made by sourcing their cocoa beans from Ghana, the second largest cocoa producer instead of from Cote d’lvoire. However, many people still are uncertain about their true motives to really solve the problem created. Reason being, back in 2001, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association (CMA) which consisted of large chocolate confectionary companies such as M, Cadbury and Mars Inc. decided to make a promise that their cocoa beans production would be free of child labourers by 2005, July. The commitment was made to the Cocoa Industry Protocol (CIP) (Protocol for Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and Their Derivative Products. 2001. ). Although some large chocolate confectionary companies signed the CIP, none of them were able to meet the criteria of the commitment. Therefore, the dateline was extended and the percentage of their cocoa beans to come from childfree labourers was also reduced. Cadbury has recently self publicized that their products are now labeled as ‘Fair Trade Certified’ (About Fairtrade n. d. ) which means that in general perception, a minimum price is to be directly paid to the cocoa producers which would hopefully reduce child labour. However, this is not the case reason being, when farmers are paid the minimum sum of money for their cocoa beans through the Fair Trade premiums, they will still have to minus off the a huge sum of their profit. So what exactly are reducing the farmer’s profit? They are the administrative expenses, operating costs, business reinvestments and other social costs (Fairtrade Certified: Frequently Asked Questions – Advanced n. d. ). Therefore, at the end of the day, cocoa farmers are still earning very little. This was just a spin doctoring made by Cadbury to change the public’s perception of Cadbury’s wrong doings. Positive Social Responsibility of Cadbury Cadbury does not only have negative corporate social responsibilities, instead, they are doing well in their work for the local communities around the world. Cadbury has donated some of their profits back to the community. Although this is just a mere 1% of their profit before tax, it is still something as some other companies are not even contributing back to the society at all (Working Together to Make a Difference in the Community n. d. ). Cadbury also has a community that helps in the society’s health, welfare, enterprise, education and environmental sustainability. For example, Cadbury’s â€Å"Miles for Smiles† event involves employees to walk between their two factories and raise funds for to raise funds for the less fortunate. Adding on, Cadbury has also donated to charities, sponsored to countries to help with their developments, developed programmes to help the less fortunate around the world. All these work was done voluntarily by Cadbury. Therefore, it displays the positive side of their company’s social responsibility to give back to the society. Conclusion Although Cadbury has done many negative impacts on the society, they had their fair share of making the world a better place by contributing back to the society as much as they can. Some of the public might still find that Cadbury has a lack of empathy towards ethical issues such as child labour. This might affect Cadbury’s reputation as this would be a hard point to erase form the consumer’s mind. Which means that no matter how much positive things that Cadbury does, at the back of the consumer’s mind, they will always remember the negative impact that Cadbury had caused that is now hard to resolve. And although Cadbury is trying hard to contribute back positively to the society, the public might see is as a way for Cadbury to advertise themselves more. Therefore, in order to keep up the good reputation and try to convert more of the public to view them positively, Cadbury has to keep up with their moral integrity and ethical guidelines, which is seen as a positive action by the public. Work Cited About Fairtrade. n. d. http://www. fairtrade. com. au/about (accessed August 31, 2010) Cocoa Campaign. n. d. http://www. laborrights. org/stop-child-labor/cocoa-campaign (accessed August 30, 2010) Country Reports on Human Rights and Practices. 2003. http://www. state. gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27723. htm (accessed August 30, 2010) Factbox: British confectioner Cadbury. 2010. http://uk. reuters. com/article/idINTRE60D1XX20100114? pageNumber=2=0=true (accessed August 30, 2010) Fairtrade Certified: Frequently Asked Questions – Advanced. n. d. http://www. transfairusa. org/content/resources/faq-advanced. php#individuals (accessed August 31, 2010) Our Business Principles. 2008. http://collaboration. cadbury. com/SiteCollectionDocuments/English%20Booklet. pdf (accessed August 30, 2010) Olivier, M. 2012. Ivory Coast Cocoa Farmers to Put Pay Raise in Crop Output. http://www. bloomberg. om/news/2012-10-05/ivory-coast-cocoa-farmers-to-put-pay-raise-in-crop-production. html (accessed April 2, 2013). Protocol for Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and Their Derivative Products. 2001. http://www. cocoainitiative. org/images/stories/pdf/harkin%20engel%20protocol. pdf (accessed August 31, 2010) Working Together to Make a Difference in the Community. n. d. http://www. cadbury. com. au/Cadbury-Community. aspx (access ed August 31, 2010) World Cocoa Production. n. d. http://www. zchocolat. com/chocolate/chocolate/cocoa-production. asp (accessed April 2, 2013). How to cite Critical Essay on Cadbury, Essays

process of specified project management

Question: Discuss about the Processes for Managing Change to the Project ? Answer: Introduction Change management is a process of specified project management perspective that offers survival policies from any new set of technical or informational specification within many particular organizations or within any specified project (Adeniji et al., 2013). Change management process is helpful in solving various issues and circumstances involved within system architectuco of any concerned projects or organization. Every organization and project has different change management perspectives with respect to their achievable goals and objectives. In contrast with these facts, this report is elaborating about the importance of change management process involved within any organization or within any specified project. In addition to this, this report is considering California State University as selected organization within this report (Brighthub Project Management, 2017). Supportive literature review and organizational context of the selected organization are being elaborated within this report in order to highlight the importance of change management practices within the concerned organization. Organizational Context California State University is one of the popular public universities of California. This university owns 23 campuses as well as eight off- campuses enrolled with 460,200 students with 24,405 faculties and 23,102 staffs within it (Brighthub Project Management, 2017). CSU is considered as largest four year public university system. In contrast with these facts, any IT system-architectural or informative changes that is made within the network, needs to be circulated among all of these members of the university. Therefore, previously the organization has one manual ITSM structure that operates their various information and these are circulated within the members and houses involved within the campus. This entire process was difficult; therefore, one automotive change management system with respect to ITSM has been implemented within the network of the organization. This change management strategy was considered for managing the system architecture within the organization. California St ate University faced so many issues while operating with this manual ITSM system architecture within their organization (Brighthub Project Management, 2017). Their target is to implement and improvise their information system and network architecture with respect to their internal and organizational demands. The change management perspective is involved and introduced within the organization for managing system effectiveness. Models, frameworks and processes for how change is brought about or experienced in projects According to Serra and Kunc (2015), the benefits realization management process involved within project success and is dependent on the business strategies and processes adopted by the projects. In contrast with this fact, this article is focusing on the change of strategies that are managing the organizational development and further progress with respect various critical aspects and facts. This article is considering the quantitative approach of research methodology for supporting views related to impact of change management process within any organizational context. Sampling technique (Filling the Value Gap) is used for managing the supportive statements. This article is mainly reflecting about the need of realization management and its influence on the project success. According to Hornstein (2015), the organizational change management within information technology and business transformation projects is important for change management perspective. In contrast with these facts, there are consequences are being elaborated within this article with respect to stand alone projects that focuses on change of infrastructure and organizational strategies involved within any Information Technology concepts. This paper is not concentrating on any particular methodology for analyzing their research processes. This article is mainly reflecting on the how projects are impacted by the organizational change management processes involved within any organization. The change management concept is justified for this project concept as there are chances of organizational improvements. According to Santos and Quilliam (2015), the usages of software in managing the changes involved within the organizational processes and development perspectives is mandatory for organizational development. In addition to this, the change management processes are considered with respect to software packages and its utilization within the organization. This utilization of software packages in organizations also controls changes and risks. The research method considered within this article is qualitative though there are no elaborations about this; this is identified while critically evaluating the paper. The aims and objectives of this paper is justified as this paper is elaborating process that can replace the exact change management process for managing organizational development. According to Low et al. (2015), the utilization of change in staff care practices for improving resident outcomes within nursing homes important for managing resident outcomes. In contrast with this fact, this article is highlighting various issues and justification for adopting Change in Staff Care Practices for improving the resident outcomes. This article is considering qualitative analysis for assessing the staffs behavior and attitude towards changing the Resident Outcomes. This article is reflecting the process of managing the employee behavior for assessing the need for improving Resident Outcomes. This objectives and goals of this article is justified with respect to the organizational demands for managing change management process within hospitals. Processes for managing change to the project According to Kuipers et al. (2014), the change management process are affecting the public organizations. In contrast with these facts, the public organizations are considering the change management perspectives for managing the organizational development perspectives. In addition to this, this article is considering qualitative research method for collecting required data for the concerned research processes. In addition to this, the research results and process are justified enough for managing the change perspectives involved within the organizational structure of public organizations with respect to various critical aspects involved within organizational development. According to Adeniji, Osibanjo and Abiodun (2013), specific project of the Nigerian banking industry based on the organizational change and human resource management processes and inventions are important for analyzing the change management in hospitals. In addition to this, this paper is using quantitative and qualitative analysis for managing the collecting databases about the processes of change management process involved within any organizational culture. This article has justified elaboration about the change management processes involved within the organizational structure of any specific organization. According to Jos et al. (2012) the professional discourages and resistance of changing processes involved within any organization involves change management process for managing organizational effectiveness. In contrast with these facts, there are various other aspects and specific aspects that are being elaborated within this article with respect to various aspects involved within any organization. In contrast with these facts, this article is considering the qualitative research methodology within this research process. In contrast with these facts, the research topic is effective justified with respect organizational goals and objectives with respect to the change management processes and funding. According to Pmibatonrouge.org (2017), this article is elaborating about the enabling process of organizational change with respect to strategic initiatives within any organization. In contrast with these facts, this article is focusing on the organizational driving factors that are forcefully make changes towards the organizational development with the help of changing strategies and functionalities. In contrast with these facts, research methods used within this research article. The considered research topic is justified within this article as this entirely based on change management process for managing organizational development. Comparisons and Contrast In contrast with these facts, the concept of change management is effectively elaborated with respect to organizational context. This can be stated from the comparison of concerned literature that change management has effectively implemented within organizational context with respect to various organizational objectives and goals. The comparison is stating that the change management process is mandatory for any kinds of organizational or project development with respect to various critical aspects depending on the system architecture and organizational demands project involved within any organization. In this portion of the report it is analyzed that change management processes are dependent on the conditions involved within any project or organization. In contrast with these facts, it is found that though there are various specifications of different situation within different projects, conditional facts and conditions in managing change management are same as general sense of the need for managing change management within any project or organization. In contrast with the facts and perspectives involved within the system architecture of any organization or project, the perspective of change management is brought within the project or organization with respect various critical aspects and concepts. Recommendations The project concerned for this report is the upcoming project of California State University to automate their ITSM system architecture with respect to their various network and system architectural needs. Therefore, the implementation of these kinds of network infrastructural needs there must be some recommendations. Therefore, in order to manage effective change management processes and functionalities involved within the concerned organization, some of the effective recommendations are being provided within this part of the assignment. These are given as follows: Standard utilization of devices: Standard utilization of devices are if incorporated within the change management processes then the system architectural changes and development processes are supported by the considered change management processes within California State University. Therefore, this aspects needs to be managed with respect to the standard device utilization processes. In addition to this, there are various critical aspect that are important for managing the network infrastructure of CSU and this can be achieved with the help of this aspect. Blocking of unauthorized changes: Blocking of unauthorized changes within the network infrastructure will prevent the effective data thefts and hacking processes involved within the system architecture of the concerned network of CSU. In addition to this, third party accesses to the databases are denied with this technological development. The change management process concerned for this project of CSU can be easily conducted and managed with the help of this functional aspect involved within the project of CSU. Detailed compliance reporting: Detailed compliance reporting is one of the effective and supportive aspect for managing the change management processes involved within the project of CSU with respect to various network and infrastructural changes involved within the system architecture of CSU. SOX, HIPAA and COBIT are the compatible standards involved within the system architecture of CSU organization for managing the change management process. Comprehensive analysis and validation reporting: This aspect introduces the aspect that users of the concerned network infrastructure of CSU can easily monitor their databases and information presented to the system architectural heads and consumers. Therefore, the change management process involved within the network changes of CSU can be easily managed with the help of this technical recommendations. Comprehensive analysis of the validation and reporting perspectives provide solutions for meeting users queries. These queries generate various issues within the network that can be solved with the help of various critical aspects and concepts of change management within network infrastructure of CSU. Management of unplanned device configuration changes: Management of the unplanned device configuration system is very important for managing the change of infrastructure within CSU for managing the organizational effectiveness and system architectural demands of the organization. In contrast with these facts, the validation and reporting can be considered while managing the change management process with the help of this recommendation. The configurations can be easily managed with the help of various aspects and contexts involved within the change management processes involved within CSU. Conclusion This can be concluded that change management process is very important concept as well as aspect for managing organizational as well as project development perspectives. In contrast with these facts, this article is elaborating about various critical aspects in solving critical situations involved within project. In contrast with these facts, this report is providing different literature reviews with respect to various perspectives and concepts involved within various projects and organizations with respect to their change management processes and functional measures involved within the project management process. This report summarizes about the processes and methods involved within the change management processes involved within any concerned project. In addition to this, various recommendations are provided within this assignment that supports the improvisation of change management perspectives involved within any considered project. This report is highlighting the needs and benef its of change management system architecture within projects or organizations. References Adeniji, A.A., Osibanjo, A.O. and Abiodun, A.J., 2013. Organisational Change and Human Resource Management Interventions: an Investigation of the Nigerian Banking Industry.Serbian Journal of Management,8(2), pp.2-16. Brighthub Project Management. (2017).Three Examples of Successful Change Management Practices. [online] Available at: https://www.brighthubpm.com/change-management/55056-examples-of-change-management-plans-that-worked/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Gollenia, L.A., 2016.Business Transformation Management Methodology. Routledge. Hamraz, B., Caldwell, N.H. and Clarkson, P.J., 2013. A holistic categorization framework for literature on engineering change management.Systems Engineering,16(4), pp.473-505. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Jos H. Pieterse,Marjolein C.J. Canils,Thijs Homan, (2012) "Professional discourses and resistance to change",Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 25 Iss: 6, pp.798 818 Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J. and Van der Voet, J., 2014. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), pp.1-20. Low, L.F., Fletcher, J., Goodenough, B., Jeon, Y.H., Etherton-Beer, C., MacAndrew, M. and Beattie, E., 2015. A systematic review of interventions to change staff care practices in order to improve resident outcomes in nursing homes.PloS one,10(11), p.e0140711. Nayaka, G.P., Pai, K.V., Santhosh, G. and Manjanna, J., 2016. Dissolution of cathode active material of spent Li-ion batteries using tartaric acid and ascorbic acid mixture to recover Co.Hydrometallurgy,161, pp.54-57. Pmibatonrouge.org. (2017). [online] Available at: https://pmibatonrouge.org/images/downloads/PMI___Pulse_of_the_Profession/pmi_pulse_enabling_change_through_strategic_initiatives.ashx.pdf [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Santos, A. and Quilliam, W. (2015). An Overview of the Change Management Process and Examples of Software to Help Organizations Effectively Manage Change.GSTF Journal on Business Review (GBR), [online] 4(1), p. Available at: https://dl6.globalstf.org/index.php/gbr/article/view/1334 [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Serra, C.E.M. and Kunc, M., 2015. Benefits Realisation Management and its influence on project success and on the execution of business strategies.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), pp.53-66. Worley, C.G. and Mohrman, S.A., 2014. Is change management obsolete?.Organizational Dynamics,43(3), pp.214-224.